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常识“客户”是什么意思,起源、典故、生平简介及释义-历史文化

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词汇 客户
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释义
客户①户籍名目。与“主户”对称。最初指寄居之外来人户。柳芳《食货论》:“人逃役者多浮寄于闾里,县收其名,谓之客户。”唐代始于户籍中设客户名目。初仅登记姓名而不责其纳税。开元九年(721),检括田户,得客户八十余万,多有田产。宝应二年(763)规定:客户凡居住一年以上,不论自购土地而事农桑,或荫庇于庄主而自建房屋,一律负担庸、调,数额为主户之半。建中元年(780)改行两税法:户不分主、客,概以现居人户按贫富等差征税。至此,客户与主户同为两税户。晚唐后复有主、客户之分,但客户专指佃客。宋代的客户指城市无房产或乡村无田产之人户。有坊郭客户和乡村客户之称。乡村客户主体为佃农,租佃乡村上户、官户田地、耕牛,受地租和高利贷剥削,对上户、官户有相当强的人身依附关系,在某些地区,甚至乡村上户、官户赋役亦由客户承担。元以后不再用主、客户名目。②明清土司制度下的汉族民户。分布于播州(治今贵州遵义)、水西(治今乌江上游鸭池河以西)等宣慰司境内。主要为受罗罗奴隶主胁迫而沦落的汉民,亦有因避兵、逃亡、佣工等自愿投充者。每年须向土司土目交纳盖头银、烟火钱等,受其剥削和压迫。

客户 

宋代户等的划分,以土地、财产的有无和多少为依据。凡在城市无房产和浮财者为坊郭客户,在乡村无田产和浮财者为乡村客户。乡村客户是租种官户、乡村上户土地的佃农和租种佃主土地的种户。乡村每三年推排一次,调整户等。减产者原为主户可下降为客户;增产者原为客户可上升为主户。由于基层乡役人员私取财物,应定为主户者可能被定为客户;而失去土地、财产应定为客户者则可能被定为主户。客户一般不承担赋税和差役,但有时要承担官府摊派的无偿劳役。有的地区的客户要交纳身丁米、身丁钱等人头税。乡村上户往往用各种手段把他们应承担的税役转嫁给客户。宋代客户对田主的人身依附关系比前代已相对减弱。天圣五年(1027),仁宗曾下诏允准客户在收割和交租完毕后可按自己的意愿更换主人和移动。有的地区,田主在转让田产时仍把佃户视为土地的附属物随同转让,但其主要依据往往是田主与佃户之间私下订立的契约,而非官府颁布的法令。
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  • 天圣五年允准客户起移诏令
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