常识“志与功”是什么意思，起源、典故、生平简介及释义-历史文化

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常识“志与功”是什么意思，起源、典故、生平简介及释义-历史文化

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词汇	志与功
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释义	志与功中国古代用于表述动机与效果的用语。志即动机，功即效果。由先秦墨家学派提出。墨子主张“合其志功而观焉”（《墨子·鲁问》）。认为同样一种行为，可能会出于不同的动机，因此，对某一行为进行道德评价应结合动机与效果来考察。后期墨家进而提出“志工（功），正也”（《墨子·经说上》）。认为一种道德行为，应是好的动机与好的效果相一致（“正”）。同时又说：“志功不可以相从也”（《墨子·大取》），指出好的动机未必就有好的效果；只有努力地根据动机去行动（“志行”）才能取得实际的功效。强调志与功的统一。孟子也讲志功，《孟子·滕文公下》：“子何以其志为哉？其有功于子，可食而食之矣。且子食志乎？食功乎？”主张以功食禄。隋代王通以“心”和“迹”表述动机和效果。宋儒沿用，并在朱熹和陈亮的“王霸义利之辩”中展开了一场关于动机与效果关系的辩论。朱熹持动机论，以“察其心”即以动机为评价人物的根据，认为三代圣人出于“道心”，而汉唐之君以“利欲”为“心”，据以崇扬三代而贬薄汉唐。指出以成功“便谓其得天理之正，此正是以成败论是非”（见《与陈同甫书》六、八）。陈亮认为两者“相应”，相互统一，指出，汉唐之君既获“小康”之功，表明其“初心”并非一无是处，而朱熹所说，则是“功用与心不相应”，把动机与效果对立起来，否定朱熹的动机论。
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